Obesity is a well-established risk factor for various types of cancer. As the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, so does the incidence of obesity-related cancers. Bariatric surgery, a weight loss intervention for individuals with severe obesity, has been associated with significant reductions in cancer risk.
This guide explores the relationship between obesity and cancer and how bariatric surgery may help to reduce this risk.
Related Reading: What is Obesity and What Causes It?
Understanding the Link Between Obesity and Cancer
Obesity has been increasing across the globe. In the United States alone, obesity rates among adults rose from 27.4% in 2011 to 32.8% in 2023. This upward trajectory brings great concern due to the associated health risks, including an increased risk of obesity-related cancers.
Which Cancers Are Linked to Obesity?
Excess body weight is linked to an increased risk of at least 13 types of cancer, including:
- Breast (postmenopausal)
- Colorectal
- Endometrial
- Esophageal adenocarcinoma
- Gallbladder
- Kidney
- Liver
- Ovarian
- Pancreatic
- Stomach
- Thyroid
- Multiple myeloma
- Meningioma.
Source: National Cancer Institute
Obesity may contribute to cancer development through mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and altered levels of sex hormones.
Second primary cancers
Obesity may also increase the likelihood of developing second primary cancers. Individuals with a higher BMI at the time of cancer diagnosis have increased risks of subsequent unrelated cancers.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
NAFLD, a condition commonly associated with obesity, has been linked to a higher risk of early-onset colorectal cancer and liver cancer.
What Is Bariatric Surgery?
Bariatric surgery encompasses various procedures to promote weight loss by altering the digestive system. Common types include:
- Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y): Creates a small stomach pouch and reroutes the small intestine.
- Sleeve Gastrectomy: Removes a portion of the stomach, reducing its size.
- Adjustable Gastric Band: Places a band around the upper stomach to limit food intake.
- Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS): Combines a gastric sleeve with intestinal bypass.
These procedures can help with weight loss and improve metabolic conditions such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension.
Find out more about the different types of bariatric surgery procedures in our dedicated guide.
Does Bariatric Surgery Reduce Cancer Risk?
Yes, evidence strongly suggests that bariatric surgery can significantly reduce the risk of developing certain cancers in people with obesity. Several large-scale studies have found that individuals who undergo weight loss surgery are less likely to develop hormone-related and non-hormone-related cancers compared to those who do not.
Let’s take a closer look at the evidence.
A long-term study found that bariatric surgery is associated with a significant decrease in overall cancer incidence and mortality. Specifically, patients who underwent bariatric surgery had a 25% lower risk of developing any cancer compared to non-surgical individuals.
The same study found that risk reduction seems more pronounced in women. Female patients who had bariatric surgery experienced a 41% reduction in the risk of obesity-related cancers, such as breast, ovarian, uterine, and colon cancers, compared to their non-surgical counterparts.
This is likely because obesity influences hormone levels, which, in turn, increases the risk of hormone-sensitive cancers. Studies have shown that bariatric surgery may reduce the risk of developing hormone-related cancers, including postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancers.
Beyond hormone-related cancers, bariatric surgery has been linked to a decreased risk of other types. A meta-analysis indicated that individuals who underwent bariatric surgery had a 50% lower risk of developing non-hormone-related cancers over subsequent years.
How Does Bariatric Surgery Help?
Bariatric surgery leads to significant and sustained weight loss, which helps reduce obesity-related inflammation, insulin resistance, and abnormal hormone levels, all factors implicated in cancer development.
Additionally, visceral fat, the fat stored around internal organs, is particularly associated with increased cancer risk. Bariatric surgery effectively reduces visceral fat, potentially lowering cancer risk.
Obesity also often leads to insulin resistance, resulting in higher insulin and insulin-like growth factor levels, which can promote cancer cell growth. Post-surgery improvements in insulin sensitivity may reduce this risk.
Is Obesity Surgery Right for Me?
If you’re considering bariatric surgery as a way to reduce your obesity-related cancer risk, you may be wondering which procedure is best suited to you. At Beltre Bariatrics, we recognize this is a deeply personal decision that deserves expert advice.
There are several types of bariatric procedures available today, and each comes with its own benefits, risks, and long-term outcomes, especially concerning weight loss, hormonal change, and potential impact on cancer risk.
It’s important to note that not every procedure is appropriate for every person; the best surgical option for you will depend on several key factors:
- Medical History: Chronic conditions like diabetes, high blood pressure, or sleep apnea may influence the type of surgery that’s safest and most effective for you.
- Body Mass Index (BMI): Your BMI helps determine your eligibility and highlights how much weight loss is needed for optimal health improvement.
- Weight Loss Goals: Some procedures are better suited for patients looking to lose a significant amount of weight, while others may be ideal for more moderate weight loss goals.
- Surgical Complexity and Recovery: Your lifestyle and personal preferences may guide you toward a less invasive procedure or one with a shorter recovery period.
At Beltre Bariatrics, Dr. Wiljon Beltre is a trusted expert in advanced weight loss procedures. He and his dedicated team take a holistic, evidence-based approach to your care, ensuring that every recommendation is grounded in clinical data, experience, and a deep understanding of your personal circumstances.
Related Reading: Health Benefits Associated With Weight Loss Surgery
Ready to Make a Weight Loss Plan?
If you’re ready to explore how bariatric surgery can support your overall health and reduce your obesity and cancer risk, the best next step is a free consultation with our team. We’ll review your health history, discuss your goals, and walk you through the surgical options most aligned with your needs, helping you to move forward with confidence.
Schedule your free consultation today and take the first step toward a healthier future with Beltre Bariatrics.
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